Disease relations: From pools of Psorophora ferox were isolated the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus in 1958/1959 in Colombia (Groot et al., 1959) and the Una virus in Brazil (Travassos Da Rosa et al., 1998). Psorophora ferox was able to harbor the Mayaro virus after experimental parenteral infection (Muñoz & Navarro, 2012) and has been found naturally infected with Yellow Fever virus in Brazil (Cunha et al. 2019) as well as with Madariaga virus (Eastern equine encephalitis virus) in Caribbean wetlands in Colombia (Hoyos-López et al., 2026).